OPERATORS IN C++.

   OPERATORS IN C++.                                      

INTRODUCTION
C++, “operators” are special symbols used to perform various mathematical and logical operations on variables and values, essentially allowing you to manipulate data within your code by applying actions like addition, comparison, or logical checks, with each operation requiring one or more operands to function; they are a fundamental part of writing C++ expressions and statements.

Key points about operators in C++:

FUNCTION

Operators take one or more operands (values or variables) and produce a result based on the operation they represent.

Types of Operators:

C++ has several categories of operators, including arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %), relational operators (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=), logical operators (&&, ||, !), bitwise operators (>>, <<, &, ^, |), assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=), increment/decrement operators (++, --), and the conditional operator (?:).

:

Unary Operators: Operate on a single operand, like the negation operator (-) or increment operator (++).

Binary Operators: Operate on two operands, like the addition operator (+) or comparison operator (>)

Example of Operator Usage:

 Int x = 5, y = 3;

// Arithmetic operations

Int sum = x + y; // sum will be 8

Int difference = x – y; // difference will be 2

// Relational operations

Bool isGreater = x > y; // isGreater will be true

// Logical operations

Bool result = (x > 2) && (y < 5); // result will be true

Important aspects to consider when working with operators:

Operator Precedence:

Different operators have a predefined order of evaluation, which can affect the result of an expression if parentheses aren’t used to explicitly define the order.

Operator Associativity:

Defines the direction in which operators are evaluated when multiple operators of the same precedence appear in an expression (left-to-right or right-to-left).

Diagram 

Special Operators

Scope resolution 

C++, the scope resolution operator (::) is used to access the identifiers such as variable names and function names defined inside some other scope in the current scope.

include <iostream>

Int x = 10; // Global variable

Int main()

 {

    Int x = 20; // Local variable

    Std::cout << “Local x: “ << x << std::endl;

    Std::cout << “Global x: “ << ::x << std::endl; 

    Return 0;

}

**Output:**

Local x: 20

Global x: 10


Pointer to member

The pointer-to-member operators in C++ are . * and ->*. They are used to bind a pointer to a member of a class object.

include <iostream>
Class MyClass {
Public:
    Int value;
    Void print() { std::cout << “Value: “ << value << std::endl; }
};

Int main() {
    MyClass obj;
    Int MyClass::*ptr = &MyClass::value; // Pointer to member variable
    Obj.*ptr = 42; // Access member using .*
    Obj.print();

    MyClass* pObj = &obj;
    pObj->*ptr = 100; // Access member using ->*
    pObj->print();
    return 0;
}

**Output:**

Value: 42
Value: 100

 Comma operator 

The comma operator (,) in C++ evaluates two expressions from left to right. It is a binary operator that has the lowest precedence among all C++ operators. 

include <iostream>
Int main() {
    Int a = (5, 10); // Evaluates 5, then assigns 10 to a
    Std::cout << “Value of a: “ << a << std::endl;
    Return 0;
}

**Output:**

Value of a: 10

Manipulators


C++, manipulators are functions or objects that modify the format of input or output

Size of ()
The sizeof() operator in C++ is a unary operator that calculates the size of data type, variables, and constants at compile time.

include <iostream>

Int main() {
    Std::cout << “Size of int: “ << sizeof(int) << “ bytes” << std::endl;
    Std::cout << “Size of float: “ << sizeof(float) << “ bytes” << std::endl;
    Std::cout << “Size of double: “ << sizeof(double) << “ bytes” << std::endl;
    Std::cout << “Size of char: “ << sizeof(char) << “ byte” << std::endl;
    Std::cout << “Size of bool: “ << sizeof(bool) << “ byte” << std::endl;
    Return 0;
}

Output 

Size of int: 4 bytes
Size of float: 4 bytes
Size of double: 8 bytes
Size of char: 1 byte
Size of bool: 1 byte
```
endl
C++, you can use
 the `std::endl` manipulator to insert a newline character into the output stream and flush the buffer.

Int main() 
{
    Std::cout << “Hello, World!” << std::endl;
    Std::cout << “This is a new line.” << std::endl;
    Return 0;
}

Conclusion

This article provides insights about the common operators in c++ and special operators in c++ with examples


                                                    Prepared by 
                                                    
                                                 SANTHOSH K 
                                                  24USC034
                                             ARUNPRASATH.S 
                                                  24USC002
                                               1st B.Sc computer science 
 
                               

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