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OPERATOR OVERLOADING

OPERATOR OVERLOADING INTRODUCTION: C++, Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism. It is an idea of giving special meaning to an existing operator in C++ without changing its original meaning. In this article, we will further discuss about operator overloading in C++ with examples and see which operators we can or cannot overload in C++. C++ Operator Overloading C++ has the ability to provide the operators with a special meaning for a data type, this ability is known as operator overloading. Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism. For example, we can overload an operator ‘+’ in a class like String so that we can concatenate two strings by just using +. Other example classes where arithmetic operators may be overloaded are Complex Numbers, Fractional Numbers, Big integers, etc. EXAMPLE: int a; float b,sum; sum = a + b; Here, variables “a” and “b” are of types “int” and “float”, which are built-in data types. Hence the addition operator ‘+’ can easily add the conte...
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virtual function

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virtual function Introduction: virtual function is a member function of a base class that can be overridden by a derived class. It allows for polymorphism, where objects of different classes can be treated as objects of a common base class . Key characteristics :    - Declared using the `virtual` keyword    - Can be overridden by derived classes    - Resolved at runtime (dynamic dispatch)    - Enables polymorphism Key points virtual function: 1. Declared using `virtual` keyword 2. Can be overridden by derived classes 3. Resolved at runtime (dynamic dispatch) 4. Enables polymorphism 5. Must be defined in base class 6. Can be pure virtual (abstract) Virtual function diagram: Explanation  The image you've provided illustrates the *working of virtual functions in C++* through the use of *vptr* (virtual pointer) and *vtable* (virtual table). Let me break it down for you: Concepts to Understand:* 1. Virtual Function: A function in a bas...
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Multilevel Inheritance

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Multilevel Inheritance    Introduction Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows one class to inherit the properties and behavior of another class. The inheriting class, also known as the derived class or subclass, inherits all the fields and methods of the parent class, also known as the base class or superclass. What is Multi-Level Inheritance? Multi-level inheritance is a type of inheritance in which a derived class inherits properties and behavior from a base class, and the base class itself inherits properties and behavior from another base class. This creates a hierarchical relationship between classes, where a derived class can access and build upon the properties and behavior of multiple base classes. Key features points: 1. *Hierarchical relationship*: A derived class inherits properties and behavior from a base class, which itself inherits from another base class. 2. *Multiple levels of inheritance*: A derived class can inh...
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SINGLE INHARITANCE

SINGLE INHARITANCE   INHERITANCE                              Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows one class (called the child or subclass) to inherit the properties and behaviors of another class (called the parent or superclass). It enables code reusability, hierarchy creation, and easier maintenance. KEY FEATURES OF INHERITANCE:🔑 1. Code Reusability🏷 – The subclass can reuse the code of the parent class, reducing redundancy. 2. Extensibility🏷 – The subclass can add new features or modify existing ones without altering the parent class. 3. Hierarchy Representation🏷 – It helps model real-world relationships, like “a Car is a type of Vehicle.” 4. Method Overriding🏷 – A subclass can provide a specific implementation of a method already defined in the parent Class. TYPES OF INHERITANCE: 1. Single Inheritance🖋 – One child class inhe...
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OPERATORS IN C++.

    OPERATORS IN C++.                                       INTRODUCTION C++, “operators” are special symbols used to perform various mathematical and logical operations on variables and values, essentially allowing you to manipulate data within your code by applying actions like addition, comparison, or logical checks, with each operation requiring one or more operands to function; they are a fundamental part of writing C++ expressions and statements. Key points about operators in C++: FUNCTION Operators take one or more operands (values or variables) and produce a result based on the operation they represent. Types of Operators: C++ has several categories of operators, including arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %), relational operators (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=), logical operators (&&, ||, !), bitwise operators (>>, <<, &, ^, |), assignment op...
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Constructors and Destructors in c++

                                 CONSTRUCTORS Constructors in C++ are special member functions of a class that are automatically called when an object of that class is created. They are used to initialize the object's data members and set up any necessary resources. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type, not even `void`. Types of Constructors in c++  1. Default Constructor    - A constructor that takes no arguments.    - If you don’t define any constructor, the compiler provides a default constructor.   Example:      class MyClass {      public:          MyClass() {              std::cout << "Default Constructor Called!" << std::endl;          }      };      int main() {   ...
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PRIVATE DATA MEMBERS AND PRIVATE MEMBERFUNCTION

  PRIVATE DATA MEMBERS AND PRIVATE MEMBER FUNCTION Introduction In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), encapsulation is one of the core principles. It ensures that the internal representation of an object is hidden from the outside world. In C++, this is achieved using access specifiers, such as private, public, and protected. This blog will focus on private data members and private member functions, explaining their purpose, usage, and benefits. What Are Private Data Members? Private data members are variables declared within a class that can only be accessed by the member functions of the same class. They are hidden from external code, ensuring data hiding and encapsulation. Key Characteristics of Private Data Members 1. Access Restriction: Private data members cannot be accessed directly from outside the class. 2. Encapsulation: They hide the internal state of an object, allowing you to change the implementation without affecting external code. 3. Data Integrity: Private data m...
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